Duale Berufsbildung: Internationale Trends, Analysen Links und Publikationen

Hinweise:

In der folgenden Tabelle finden Sie eine Auswahl von externen Publikationen zum Thema Berufsbildung (die Publikationen widerspiegeln nicht zwingend die Meinung des Geberkomitees und seiner Mitglieder).
Nutzen Sie die Such-Funktionen: Beim Feld “Suchen” rechts oberhalb der Tabelle handelt es sich um eine Volltextsuche. Die Suchfunktion oberhalb der Tabelle erlaubt Ihnen innerhalb der Spalten zu filtern.

Externe Publikationen

Jahr	Titel		Herausgeber	Autor(en)	Sprache	Beschreibung	Art des Dokumentes
Jahr	Titel	Download / Link	Herausgeber	Autor(en)	Sprache	Beschreibung	Art des Dokumentes
2009	Dual-track VET: a success story- also for host companies		Universität Bern	Mirijam Strupler Stefan C. Wolter	English	Abstract of their book "Die duale Lehre: eine Erfolgsgeschichte auch für die Betriebe - Ergebnisse der dritten Kosten-Nutzen-Erhebung der Lehrlingsausbildung aus Sicht der Betriebe"	Studies & Tools
2009	Costs and Benefits of Apprenticeship Training. A Comparison of Germany and Switzerland.		Applied Economics Quarterly	Regina Dionisius, Samuel Muehlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Günter Walden, Felix Wenzelmann, Stefan C. Wolter	English	For the first time it has been made possible to merge a German and a Swiss firm-level data set that include detailed information about costs and benefits of apprenticeship training. Previous analyzes based only on aggregate data showed that the net costs of training apprentices are substantial in Germany, whereas apprenticeship training is on average profitable during the training period for firms in Switzerland, even though the two training systems are rather similar. This paper analyzes the reasons for these differences with matching methods. We simulate the impact of changes in certain parameters such as wages, apprenticeship system-related factors and allocation of tasks to apprentices on the cost-benefit ratio using the counterfactual values of the other country. The results show that most of the difference in the net costs of training between the two countries can be explained by a higher share of productive tasks allocated to apprentices in Switzerland and the differences in relative wages.	Studies & Tools
2010	The Implementation and impact of National Qualifications Frameworks: Report of a study in 16 countries		International Labour Organisation (ILO)	Stephanie Allais	English	This is the report of an international research project conducted by the Skills and Employability Department of the ILO on the implementation of National Qualifications Frameworks (NQFs) and their use and impact.The research aimed to produce empirical evidence and analysis of countries’ experiences as a basis for advising countries on whether, and if so, then how, to introduce a qualifications framework as part of a strategy to achieve their wider skills development and employment goals.	Studies & Tools
2012	Transforming TVET: Building skills for work and life - Main working document		United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)		English	The UNESCO study looks in depth at the major trends and policy developments in TVET since the second international Congress held in Seoul in 1999. This work has two main objectives. The first is to analyse world trends in TVET in the context of wider development trends since the second International Congress. The second is to advance conceptual and policy debates on TVET to address persisting challenges and to proceed towards future frontiers.	Studies & Tools
2012	Synthese und Meta-Evaluierung Berufliche Bildung		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Reinhard Stockmann, Stefan Silvestrini	Deutsch	Ziele der Studie sind die Analyse der Ergebnisse der Einzelevaluierungen hinsichtlich ihrer Verallgemeiner und Übertragbarkeit auf zukünftige Vorhaben, die Identifikation wiederkehrender Stärken und Schwächen bzw. Erfolgs und Misserfolgsfaktoren sowie ggf. die Entwicklung eines darauf aufbauenden Erklärungsmodels.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2012	Upgrading informal apprenticeship - A resource guide for Africa		International Labour Organisation (ILO)	Christine Hofmann	English	This publication promotes a policy learning approach to build on the strengths of informal apprenticeship systems and reap their potential. It provides an overview of what we know about upgrading informal apprenticeship for decision- makers in ministries, trade unions and employers’ organizations, ILO skills and employment specialists in the eld, and training experts in other interna- tional or national development agencies who are dealing with or envisage dealing with the training system of the informal economy.	Articles & Factsheets
2013	Overcoming the work-inexperience gap through quality apprenticeships – the ILO’s contribution		International Labour Organisation (ILO)	Michael Axmann, Christine Hofmann	English	The ILO works with constituents on improving transitions from school and training to decent work. Apprenticeship systems in the formal and informal economy are important means to smooth transitions and provide quality skills that are of relevance to labour markets. Work on upgrading informal apprenticeship focuses on building on local traditions and practices, improving the quality of training, skills recognition, decent work and the participation of women.	Articles & Factsheets
2013	Towards a model apprenticeship framework - a comparative analysis of nationals apprenticeship systems		International Labour Organisation (ILO)		English	The ILO and World Bank in 2012 jointly conducted a study to review international experience in apprenticeships and identify good practice principles based on the cross-country analysis. This report contains case studies on eleven countries’ apprenticeship systems, a cross-case analysis and the development of a framework for a model apprenticeship system.	Studies & Tools
2013	Revisiting global trends in TVET: Reflections on theory and practice		United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)		English	The essays presented in this publication are complementary to the UNESCO forthcoming volume on global TVET trends and issues in UNESCO’s new Education on the Move series.	Studies & Tools
2013	OECD Skills Strategy Spotlight Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: Apprenticeships and workplace learning		Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD)		English	How do apprenticeships and other forms of workplace learning help people to make a successful transition from school to work?	Studies & Tools
2013	Das duale System in Deutschland - Vorbild für einen Transfer ins Ausland?		Bertelsmann Stiftung	Dieter Euler	Deutsch	Die vorliegende Expertise zeigt, woran ein differenzierter Transfer anknüpfen kann. Das duale Berufsbildungssystem wurde zu diesem Zweck in elf Komponenten zerlegt, die sich auch einzeln betrachten lassen: Wie steht es mit der Finanzierung des dualen Systems? Wie lassen sich Theorie und betriebliche Praxis sinnvoll kombinieren? Wie werden Prüfungen abgenommen?	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2013	Skills development in middle level occupations: the role of apprenticeship training		IZA Policy Paper	Robert I. Lerman	English	This paper examines the diversity of approaches to apprenticeship and related training for middle-level occupations and highlights empirical and policy research results concerning the advantages of apprenticeship training for intermediate level skills, jobs, and careers.	Studies & Tools
2013	Work-based Learning in Europe - Practices and Policy Pointers		European Commission (EC)		English	This policy handbook is one of the European Commission contributions to strengthen work-based learning (WBL) in initial vocational education and training (IVET) . The aim of the Commission was to produce policy guidance illustrated by concrete practices from the Member States which can be used by policymakers and practioners to introduce or reinforce workbased learning elements in vocational education and training (VET).	Studies & Tools
2013	Imageverbesserung beruflicher Bildung - Synthesebericht		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Ute Clement	Deutsch	Die berufliche Bildung wird im Vergleich zur allgemeinen bzw. akademischen Bildung ausnahmslos als second-best-option wahrgenommen. Dies führt dazu, dass die berufliche Bildung in deutlich geringerem Umfang als Bildungsweg und damit auch als Karrierebaustein nachgefragt wird. Dieses Bildungswahlverhalten hat eine ganze Reihe kritischer Implikationen auf der individuellen, betrieblichen und gesamtgesellschaftlichen Ebene.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2013	Vocational Education and Training - Evaluation results, findings and conclusions		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Martina Vahlhaus	English	In 2010/2011, GIZ’s Monitoring and Evaluation Unit focused its activities on the subject area of vocational education and training on behalf of BMZ. To determine the effectiveness of programmes in partner countries, the findings of 12 independent, individual evaluations were compiled in an evaluation synthesis in 2012.	Studies & Tools
2014	Work-based learning: a handbook for policy makers and social partners in ETF partner countries		European Training Foundation (ETF)	Richard Sweet	English	This handbook has been written to help policy makers and social partners to understand some of the ways in which learning in the workplace can be encouraged and how its quality can be improved. It is also intended to help them to understand some of the ways that such learning can be organised in a structured way so that it benefits learners, enterprises and employees, and so that it provides wider benefits for the labour market and the economy as a whole.	Studies & Tools
2014	Success factors for the Dual VET System - Possibilities for Know-how-transfer - Report		Institut für Bildungsforschung der Wirtschaft (ibw)	Wolfgang Bliem, Alexander Petanovitsch, Kurt Schmid	English	The study is dedicated to identifying central success factors, and thus forms the support structure for any further work or decision process. The study purposely does not give any recommendations for the actual design of a vocational training system in individual countries; it is intended rather to only show the relevant approaches and the different possibilities for designing apprenticeship.	Studies & Tools
2014	Erfolgsfaktoren der dualen Ausbildung Transfermöglichkeiten		Institut für Bildungsforschung der Wirtschaft (ibw)	Wolfgang Bliem, Alexander Petanovitsch, Kurt Schmid	Deutsch	Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich der Identifizierung dieser zentralen Erfolgsfaktoren und bildet damit eine Unterstützung für den weiteren Arbeits- und Entscheidungsprozess. Die Studie gibt dezidiert keine Empfehlung für die tatsächliche Ausgestaltung des Berufsbildungssystems in einzelnen Ländern, sondern will relevante Ansatzpunkte und unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten für die Ausgestaltung einer Lehrlingsausbildung aufzeigen.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2014	Attractiveness of vocational education and training: Permeability, successful school-to-work transition and international mobility		Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BiBB)	Markus Linten, Sabine Prüstel, Christian Woll, Uta Roth, Alix Wurdak	English	Selected bibliography: Interesting and relevant publications from around the world that showcase the different approaches countries have taken to this topic.	Studies & Tools
2014	Improving the Image of Technical and Vocational Education and Training - A synthesis		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Ute Clement	English	Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is perceived in developing, emerging and even in industrial countries as a ‘second-best option’ in comparison to general or academic education. As a consequence, TVET is less seen as an educational option therefore as a step back on the career path. This educational choice has a range of critical implications on the individual, business and societal levels. Since this situation has been recognised for quite a while, it is remarkable that there has hardly been any empirical research done on this topic.	Studies & Tools
2014	Guidelines: Vorhaben Beruflicher Bildung gestalten		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Michaela Baur, Klaus-Dieter Przyklenk, Ute Clement	Deutsch	Die Guidelines bieten Informationen zu Grundsätzen, Erfahrungen und Wissensbeständen der Arbeit der GIZ im Bereich Berufsbildung. Sie zeigen die Reichweite der Aufgaben, beschreiben mögliche Leistungen in diesem Bereich und illustrieren diese anhand von konkreten Fallbeispielen.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2014	Using Benefit Cost Calculations to Assess Returns from Apprenticeship Investment in India: Selected SME Case studies		International Labour Organisation (ILO)	Sandra Rothboek	English	This document presents a method, a social marketing tool, which gives the empirical evidence that there is a business case for apprenticeshipps and can be utilized to promote apprenticeships. The method was adapted to the Indian SMEs environment, where usually data collection at enterprise levels is very limited and is bosed on five case studies from various industries (light and heavy manufacturing, the retail and hotel industry).	Studies & Tools
2014	Diagnóstico Igualdad de género en los Institutos de Formación Profesional de América Central y República Dominicana		CINTERFOR		Spanish	Este estudio permite una aproximación a la situación y tendencias en materia de igualdad entre géneros en el seno de los institutos de formación profesional de América Central y República Dominicana.	Studies & Tools
2015	The German VET System: Exportable Blueprint or Food for Thought?		Bertelsmann Stiftung	Dieter Euler, Clemens Wieland	English	The article offers an approach where the dual system is broken down into 11 distinct elements, each of which can be described and examined with regard to its transferability.	Studies & Tools
2015	Governance and Financing of cooperative Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) - Strengthening the role of private actors and associations		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Volker Bank, Marius Busemeyer, Dieter Dohmen, Dietmar Frommberger	English	This study deals with key features and approaches of governance and financing of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) between state and market in the development work.	Studies & Tools
2015	Governance und Finanzierung kooperativer Berufsbildung – Die Rolle von privaten Akteuren und Verbänden stärken		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Volker Bank, Marius Busemeyer, Dieter Dohmen, Dietmar Frommberger	Deutsch	In dieser Studie geht es um zentrale Merkmale und Ansätze der Steuerung und Finanzierung beruflicher Bildung zwischen Staat und Markt in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2015	Aufbau und Funktion nationaler Berufsbildungsagenturen - Eine explorative Untersuchung unter Einbezug von Fallbeispielen		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Dietmar Frommberger	Deutsch	In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird auf der Basis einschlägiger Literatur und unter Berücksichtigung diverser Fallbeispiele der Frage nachgegangen, mit welchen Governanceprinzipien nationale Berufsbildungsstrukturen weiterentwickelt werden und welche Aufgaben und Funktionen in diesem Zusammenhang Nationalen Berufsbildungsagenturen zukommen können.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2015	Apprenticeship Training in Spain – a cost-effective model for firms?		Bertelsmann Stiftung	Stefan C. Wolter, Samuel Mühlemann	English	This study simulates the costs and benefits for Spanish firms that would train Swiss-style dual model in ten occupations in very different economic sectors under. To be able to simulate these outcomes, we use data from Switzerland, where, over a decade, more than twenty thousand training and nontraining firms have provided extensive data on their investments, benefits of training, and reasons for either training or refraining from doing so. We use this data as the base for our simulations, combining it with labour market data from Italy. The advantage of simulating, rather than measuring cost and benefits, is that we can choose different models and parameters and, therefore, measure the sensitivity of outcomes for these assumptions. This allows us not only to make a statement about whether training is beneficial but also to define both the framework and the parameters of a hypothetical model that would work.	Studies & Tools
2016	Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland: Success factors and challenges for sustainable implementation abroad		hep verlag ag	Rudolf H. Strahm, Bruno H. Geiger, Cornelia Oertle, Erik Swars	English	Why Swiss dual track education system has an excellent reputation throughout the world? What success factors we have to consider and why they play a pivotal role in its implementation abroad? Various examples, enumerated from all over the world show how to start sustainable implementation. This book is written for the English speaking foreign delegates, executives’ professionals in the field of education, skill development and entrepreneurship.	Studies & Tools
2016	Exportartikel Berufsbildung? Internationale Bildungszusammenarbeit zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung		hep verlag ag, Bern	Matthias Jäger, Markus Maurer, Martin Fässler	Deutsch	Berufsbildung ist seit den 1950er-Jahren ein wichtiges Standbein der schweizerischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Nun verleiht ihr die in jüngster Zeit weltweit zunehmende Jugendarbeitslosigkeit neue Popularität. Entwicklungspolitische Zielvorgaben, internationale Megatrends und unterschiedliche Konzepte stellen die Berufsbildung vor grosse Herausforderungen. Die Autoren diskutieren Praxis und Potential bezüglich der Bildungszusammenarbeit im Spannungsfeld zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung. Dabei schlagen sie den Bogen von den ersten internationalen Berufsbildungsprojekten bis zu einer nächsten Projektgeneration.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2016	Tertiary Vocational Education in Europe – Examples from Six Education Systems		Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BiBB)	Ute Hippach-Schneider, Verena Schneider	English	This publication summarises the most important results from the first phase of the research project “Arbeitsbasiertes Lernen im tertiären Bildungsbereich – eine international vergleichende Analyse von Modellen und Funktionen” [“ Work-based learning in the tertiary education sector – an international comparative analysis of models and functions”] (https://www.bibb.de/en/24108.php; accessed 14.10.2015)	Studies & Tools
2016	The Employer’s Dilemma: Employer engagement and progress in vocational education and training reforms		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Katherine Caves	English	Employer engagement is a critical part of vocational education and training (VET). However, we know little about forms of employer engagement in the implementation of VET reforms. Employers can be advisors, or can be given roles and responsibilities throughout the cycle of VET processes. We follow eight international VET reforms through their first year.	Studies & Tools
2016	Rolle und Qualifizierung des betrieblichen Ausbildungspersonals in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Andreas Dernbach, Fritz Feder, Julia Schmidt	Deutsch	Die Handreichung richtet sich an Praktiker und Entscheidungsträger, die mit Rolle, Aufgaben und Qualifizierung von Lehr- und Ausbildungspersonal im Rahmen der EZ befasst sind. Das Lehr- und Ausbildungspersonal spielt bei der Gestaltung arbeitsmarktorientierter Berufsbildung, aber auch bei der Umsetzung von Reformen in Berufsbildungssystemen eine entscheidende Rolle.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2016	Berufliche Bildung und Qualifizierung im Kontext von Flucht und Migration		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH		Deutsch		Strategy & Policy Paper
2016	Lehrlingswesen braucht keine Subventionen		Swiss Coordination Centre for Research in Education (skbf/csre)	Stefan C. Wolter	Deutsch	Die Schweizer Erfahrungen mit der Berufsbildungs-Finanzierung verdienen grössere internationale Beachtung.	Artikel & Factsheets
2017	The Role of the Private Sector in Vocational and Educational Training - Developments and Success Factors in Selected Countries		Economic Policy Forum (EPF)		English	This Policy Paper analyses the VET system in four selected countries – namely India, the Republic of Korea, South Africa and Vietnam. The study focuses on the private sector engagement in the four selected countries. It identifies developments and good practices and derives transnational policy recommendations to strengthen the role of the private sector.	Studies & Tools
2017	Meet the Need – The Role of Vocational Education and Training for the Youth Labour Market		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Thomas Bolli, Maria Esther Egg, Ladina Rageth	English	To fight negative trends in the youth labour market, policymakers around the world foster vocational education and training programmes (VET). We therefore investigate how the share of three upper secondary education programmes, i.e. general education, school-based VET, and dual VET, affect the labour market of 15- to 24-year-olds.	Studies & Tools
2017	Skills Development in Economic Development Cooperation		State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO)		English	This position paper explains SECO’s approach to skills development within its economic development cooperation and is addressed to a broader public and partners in Switzerland and abroad.	Strategy & Policy Paper
2017	The New Constitution and its Impact on TVET Governance in Nepal: A report in support of developing understanding and finding the way forward for federalizing the TVET sector in Nepal		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Katherine Caves	English	This report maps out how Nepal’s new constitution (NC) explicitly and implicitly foresees the federalization of the technical vocational education and training (TVET) sector, and outlines how that sector can best be federalised. Our goal is to broaden the understanding of key stakeholders in the Nepali TVET sector on the issues of equitable, effective and efficient TVET services in a federalised context. The insights in this report are based on consultation with key leaders and stakeholders in Nepal’s TVET system, along with current research and scholarship on TVET governance plus the expert’s own experiences with constitutional reforms and TVET federalization in Switzerland and Germany.	Articles & Factsheets
2017	Swiss Style Vocational Education and Training		Accenture Swiss American Chamber of Commerce GAN ETH Zurich - KOF		English	In the following pages, you will learn what “apprenticeship” means in in the Swiss education system (we are aware that there are many different understandings of “apprenticeship”), you will read stories from great companies with great success in training the right people for the right jobs—at no cost to the young people (even with a small salary!) and with a positive business case for the companies (IRR 7-10% on average). In the following pages, you will read from seven visionary governors who plan to make great strides in closing the skills gap and providing high-quality, high-skilled jobs to the next generation. And you will read intimate personal stories from very successful businesspeople who started their careers as apprentices.	Study & Tools
2017	WEBINAR on ‘What is the Business Case of Investing in Vocational Education and Training (VET)?’ Peter Rechmann November 30, 2017		GO.VET	Peter Rechmann, BIBB	English	German companies contribute extensively towards the training of apprentices annually. The Dual System of Training - to its merit - addresses the issue by bringing Industry and Government together as co-partners & co-funders of VET programmes. There is lots to gain from their success especially for complex VET systems in emerging and developing countries. This Webinar discusses the following questions: 1) How Apprenticeships in Germany works? 2) What is the business case for companies to invest in vocational education & training? 3) What kind of short term and long term benefits do German companies gain from VET? 4) How is this relevant for non dual based VET systems?	Webinar
2017	So Similar and Yet So Different: A Comparative Analysis of a Firm’s Cost and Benefits of Apprenticeship Training in Austria and Switzerland.		IZA Institute of Labour Economics	Luca Moretti, Martin Mayerl, Samuel Muehlemann, Peter Schlögl, Stefan C. Wolter	English	The authors compare a firm’s costs and benefits of providing apprenticeship training in Austria and Switzerland, using two original micro data sets. While both countries share a number of similarities, including an extensive vocational education and training (VET) system, and a common border, there are some important institutional differences. On average, a Swiss firm generates a net profit of 3400 Euro per apprentice and per year of training, while an Austrian firm incurs net costs of 4200 Euro. Applying matching models, we find that this difference is largely driven by a higher relative apprentice pay in Austria, which in turn is associated with collective bargaining agreements and competition with alternative school-based VET pathways. However, Austrian firms can still generate a return on their training investment, partly due to wage subsidies, but mostly by retaining a high share of apprentices as skilled workers, and thereby save on future hiring costs.	Studies & Tools
2017	Incentives for apprenticeship		OECD	Małgorzata Kuczera	English	While an apprenticeship is potentially very beneficial to students, employers and economies, many countries face difficulties in encouraging companies to provide apprenticeship places, and individuals to enter apprenticeship programmes. To encourage companies to provide apprenticeships, the government, and sometimes social partners, promote apprenticeships through a wide range of incentives, including financial incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks, and non-financial incentives, such as adjustments in apprenticeship design to make it more attractive to employers. While financial incentives are common, their effect is often modest and depends on the amount of financial support and allocation criteria. Schemes that target specific sectors and are supported by social partners tend to be more successful. However, nonfinancial measures, which are often less costly than financial incentives, can also be helpful in increasing the provision of apprenticeships and merit further consideration.	Studies & Tools
2018	Apprenticeship Training in Italy – a cost-effective model for firms?		Bertelsmann Stiftung	Samuel Mühlemann, Stefan C. Wolter, Eva Joho	English	This study simulates the costs and benefits for Italian firms that would train Swiss-style dual model in ten occupations in very different economic sectors under. To be able to simulate these outcomes, we use data from Switzerland, where, over a decade, more than twenty thousand training and nontraining firms have provided extensive data on their investments, benefits of training, and reasons for either training or refraining from doing so. We use this data as the base for our simulations, combining it with labour market data from Italy. The advantage of simulating, rather than measuring cost and benefits, is that we can choose different models and parameters and, therefore, measure the sensitivity of outcomes for these assumptions. This allows us not only to make a statement about whether training is beneficial but also to define both the framework and the parameters of a hypothetical model that would work.	Studies & Tools
2018	Apprenticeship Training in England – a cost-effective model for firms?		Bertelsmann Stiftung	Stefan C. Wolter, Eva Joho	English	This study simulates the costs and benefits for English firms that would train Swiss-style dual model in ten occupations in very different economic sectors under. To be able to simulate these outcomes, we use data from Switzerland, where, over a decade, more than twenty thousand training and nontraining firms have provided extensive data on their investments, benefits of training, and reasons for either training or refraining from doing so. We use this data as the base for our simulations, combining it with labour market data from Italy. The advantage of simulating, rather than measuring cost and benefits, is that we can choose different models and parameters and, therefore, measure the sensitivity of outcomes for these assumptions. This allows us not only to make a statement about whether training is beneficial but also to define both the framework and the parameters of a hypothetical model that would work.	Studies & Tools
2018	Does it Pay for Firms? Costs and Benefits of the Skills Future Earn and Learn Programme in Singapore		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Thomas Bolli, Stefan C. Wolter	English	The SkillsFuture Earn and Learn Programme (ELP) targets graduates from the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) and Polytechnics. During the programme’s 12-to-18-month duration, ELP participants spend about 20% of their time in classroom education at the ITE and Polytechnics and 80% in structured workplace training. In order to introduce the programme in 2015, participation of both students and firms was subsidized. This raises the question of whether these subsidies are necessary in the long run, so this research project aims to measure the costs and benefits of the ELP from the perspective of firms. The methodology uses a mixed-method design that combines quantitative surveys of both participating and non-participating firms with qualitative interviews among firms that participate in the ELP.	Studies & Tools
2018	Creating New Positions? Direct and Indirect Effects of a Subsidized Apprenticeship Program			Bruno Crepon, Patrick Premand	English	Evaluations of employment programs usually focus on direct impacts on participants, but potential indirect eﬀects are rarely quantiﬁed. This paper analyzes the impact of a subsidized apprenticeship program in Côte d’Ivoire. The experiment simultaneously randomized whether apprenticeship positions opened by ﬁrms were ﬁlled by the program, and whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship. This design allows for estimating whether individuals forgo other apprenticeship opportunities (windfall eﬀects), and whether ﬁrms replace other apprentices with program participants (substitution eﬀects). We ﬁnd both eﬀects to be moderate. A framework shows howtheycombine: overall, 0.74 to 0.77 apprenticeship position is created per subsidized apprentice. Short term impacts on youth earnings were not signiﬁcant. However, the net value of work provided by apprentices in ﬁrms increased, pointing to large indirect eﬀects of the program.	Studies & Tools
2018	Financing work-based learning as part of vocational education reform - A handbook for policy makers and social partners		ETF	Richard Sweet	English	This handbook will help policy makers and social partners to look at the issues involved in financing work-based learning, and to make better choices between the policy options that face them when designing and improving programmes. Effective financing is a key way to achieve goals such as improved access and quality. Topics covered: direct and indirect costs, raising and distributing of funds, costs and benefits of programs, management and steering the financing.	Studies & Tools
2018	How and Why Does the Private Sector Participate in Vocational Education and Training? A Descriptive Case Study of VET Projects in Albania and Kosovo			Linda Wanklin	English	In recent years, there has been a return in policy interest for innovative approaches in vocational education and training (VET). In the less theoretical, more pragmatic world of development cooperation, the most relevant directives for the development of successful VET building blocks include, among others, the engagement with the private sector, work-based learning, and the inclusion of all relevant stakeholders. By analysing the two cases of Albania and Kosovo, this thesis aims to answer the questions of how and why the private sector participates in VET projects. To achieve this, VET projects financed by donor countries with dual VET systems, namely Austria (ADA), Germany (BMZ), and Switzerland (SDC), are used as the central units of analysis. The research question is answered by using a qualitative research method and reference frameworks elaborated by Euler (2017) and Byers et al. (2016). This descriptive study seeks to systematically present the activities carried out within each area of engagement with the private sector and to outline the motivations and objectives of the private sector to participate in VET projects. The findings should broaden the “big picture” understanding of how the private sector can be incorporated as a strategic partner in VET projects and create momentum for further research projects.	Studies & Tools
2019	Local Norms Describing the Role of the State and the Private Provision of Training		Swiss Leading House on the Economics of Education, Firm Behaviour and Training Policies	Andreas Kuhn, Jürg Schweri, Stefan C. Wolter	English	Apprenticeship systems are essentially based on the voluntary participation of firms that provide (and usually also finance) training positions, often incurring considerable net training costs. One potential, yet under-researched explanation for this behavior is that firms act in accordance with the norms and expectations they face with in the local labor market in which they operate.	Studies & Tools
2019	Implementation of the Serbian Law on Dual Education First Report on Drivers and Barriers in the Pre-Implementation Phase - Executive Summary		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Katherine M. Caves, Karina Maldonado-Mariscal, Maria Esther Oswald-Egg, Jasminka Markovic, Zaklina Veselinovic, Dejan Stankovic, Ivana Ceneric, Milica Todorovic	English	Implementation of the Serbian Law on Dual Education; First Report on Barriers and Drivers in the Pre-Implementation Phase; Executive Summary	Studies & Tools
2019	Implementation of the Serbian Law on Dual Education First Report on Drivers and Barriers in the Pre-Implementation Phase - Executive Summary Serbian		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Katherine M. Caves, Karina Maldonado-Mariscal, Maria Esther Oswald-Egg, Jasminka Markovic, Zaklina Veselinovic, Dejan Stankovic, Ivana Ceneric, Milica Todorovic	Serbian	Implementation of the Serbian Law on Dual Education; First Report on Barriers and Drivers in the Pre-Implementation Phase; Executive Summary; Serbian	Studies & Tools
2019	Implementation of the Serbian Law on Dual Education First Report on Drivers and Barriers in the Pre-Implementation Phase		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Katherine M. Caves, Karina Maldonado-Mariscal, Maria Esther Oswald-Egg, Jasminka Markovic, Zaklina Veselinovic, Dejan Stankovic, Ivana Ceneric, Milica Todorovic	English	Implementation of the Serbian Law on Dual Education; First Report on Barriers and Drivers in the Pre-Implementation Phase; interviews; schools; students and parents; companies	Studies & Tools
2019	Return on investment or an investment without return? Long version		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Basil Schläpfer, Roman Troxler	English	A cost-benefit ratio analysis of in-company training in Pakistan; Build4Skills; costs and benefits	Studies & Tools
2019	Return on investment or an investment without return? Short version		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Basil Schläpfer, Roman Troxler	English	A cost-benefit ratio analysis of in-company training in Pakistan; Build4Skills; costs and benefits	Studies & Tools
2019	Future ASEAN Agenda for TVET Developed by the regional working group “Business and industry cooperation in TVET”		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Adrianus Yoza Aprilio, Bui Thi Ninh, Wanna Dulyasittiporn, Eng Sopheap, Palaniappan Joseph, Le Viet Hai, Carlo C. Mendoza, Bahrin Mohammed, Pech Bolene, Soukhapangna Phengthalangsy, Siti Rozaimeriyanty DSLJ Hj Abd Rahman, Xaybandith Rasphone, Bharkbhum Skolpap, Aung Kyaw Soe, Aung Kyi Soe, Phouxay Thepphavong, Manop Thongsaeng, Maria Amalia Tiglayao-Cayanan, Yunus Triyonggo, Fook Keong Stephen Yee	English	Over the course of 5 workshops between June 2018 and March 2019 the regional working group “Business and industry cooperation in TVET” discussed how to make TVET in the ASEAN region fit for the future. The group agreed on 45 recommendations across nine thematic headers, which are at the heart of the Future ASEAN Agenda for TVET: Enhancing the relevance and quality of TVET regulations and strategies; Establishing public-private models for skill standard development and assessments; Strengthening the leadership of business membership organisations in TVET; Rebranding TVET; Mobilizing companies to engage in TVET; Ensuring sufficient funding for TVET; Improving the quality of training delivery; Deepening the collaboration of TVET schools with business and industry; Intensifying research on TVET and future skills needs	Strategy & Policy Paper
2019	Meeting in the middle TVET programs’ education-employment linkage in developing contexts		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Katherine Caves, Andrea Ghisletta, Johanna Kemper, Ursula Renold	English	Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programs are most successful at supporting youth labor markets when they combine education and employment. Education-employment linkage theory describes this combination in terms of power-sharing between actors from the education system and their counterparts in the employment system over key processes in the curriculum value chain of curriculum design, curriculum application (program delivery), and curriculum updating. The KOF Education-Employment Linkage Index measures linkage at every function in a TVET program where actors from the two systems interact, aggregating those into processes and phases and eventually an index score. We apply that index to the largest upper-secondary TVET programs in Benin, Chile, Costa Rica, and Nepal. We find that Benin has relatively high education-employment linkage, while the other three countries score very low. Benin’s situation is unique because its TVET program is moving from employer-led to linked, rather than the typical employer integration into an education-based program. Other countries with large informal economies, low formal education and training rates, and existing non-formal employer-led training may be able to implement similar approaches using functionally equivalent institutions. Furthermore, we summarize the results of discussions with policy-maker focus groups in the four case study countries.	Studies & Tools
2019	Theoretical and Methodological Framework for Measuring the Robustness of Social Institutions in Education and Training		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Ursula Renold, Ladina Rageth, Katherine Caves, Jutta Buergi	English	Social institutions, new institutionalism, education and training, vocational education and training programs, functional equivalents	Studies & Tools
2019	Has the Relationship between Formal Education and the Formal Employment Sector in Nepal changed between 1995 and 2014?		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Thomas Bolli, Mahesh Nath Parajuli, Ursula Renold	English	This paper analyses the relationship between formal education and the formal employment sector in Nepal. The analysis of several individual-level surveys between 1995 and 2014 shows that completed tertiary education increases the probability to be wage-employed in the nonagricultural sector, while primary and secondary education has little relationship with wageemployment. However, primary, secondary and tertiary education all increase an extended measure of formal sector employment that accounts for company registration and size. This highlights the relevance of choosing the appropriate measure of formal sector employment. The strength of the relationship between completed primary and secondary education and formal sector employment has decreased over time. This decrease provides suggestive evidence that the relative returns to formal education in the informal sector have increased, implying that the informal employment sector provides relatively more opportunities in 2014 than 20 years earlier. The relationship between tertiary education and wage-employment has also decreased but the relationship between tertiary education and the extended measure of formal sector employment has remained stable. This might reflect the large share of tertiary educated working in government related sectors.	Studies & Tools
2014	Return on investment of apprenticeship systems for enterprises: Evidence from cost-benefit analyses		IZA Journal of Labor Policy	Samuel Mühlemann, Stefan C. Wolter	English	A firm’s decision to engage in apprenticeship training is to a large extent determined by the cost-benefit ratio of such an investment compared to other alternatives of securing skilled workers. Empirical evidence shows that in a well-functioning apprenticeship training system, a large share of training firms can recoup their training investments by the end of the training period. As training firms often succeed in retaining the most suitable apprentices, offering apprenticeships is an attractive strategy to recruit their future skilled work force. In addition – as long as skills are standardised and nationally certified – those apprentices leaving the training firm after graduation ensure that other firms can recruit a sufficient number of skilled workers from the labour market. Firms themselves can influence the cost-benefit ratio of training to some extent, but an equally important or even bigger part of this ratio is determined by public policy: the educational system, training regulations and labour market institutions. To assess the efficacy and efficiency of such framework conditions in regard to the apprenticeship training system, their impact on the cost-benefit ratio of training for firms needs to be assessed ex ante as well as ex post. Unfortunately, so far only two countries (Germany and Switzerland) provide representative and periodic data on the costs and benefits of apprenticeship training that are suitable for such an analysis. Given the importance of adequate data to guide public policy, there is first of all a need for a stronger investment in data collection and data analyses.	Studies & Tools
2015	La FP Dual en España - ¿Un modelo rentable para las empresas?		Fundación Bertelsmann	Samuel Mühlemann, Stefan C. Wolter	Spanish	Simulación de costes y beneficios de empresas en la formación profesional dual para diferentes sectores y profesiones en España.	Study & Tools
2015	Vocational teachers and trainers in a changing world: the imperative od high-quality teacher training systems		ILO	Michael Axmann, Amy Rhoades, Lee Nordsturm	English	This paper presents an analytical framework for assessing TVET teacher training systems. It takes a holistic approach, providing a conceptual framework that government agencies and TVET institutions can use to examine the internal efficiency and coherence of their teacher preparation programmes, as well as assess the dynamic capability of the system to anticipate and respond to the needs of both employers and students.	Studies & Tools
2015	KOF Factbook Education System Costa Rica		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Costa Rica with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2015	KOF Factbook Education System Nepal		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Nepal with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2017	KOF Factbook Education System Benin		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Benin with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2017	KOF Factbook Education System India		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in India with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2017	KOF Factbook Education System Peru		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Peru with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2017	KOF Factbook Education System Serbia		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Serbia with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2017	KOF Factbook Education System South Africa		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in South Africa with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2018	Study of dual vocational education and training (VET) in Burkina Faso (Translation of the final report)		ADA / KEK Consultants	Franz Kehl, Roman Troxler, Rachel YE-Sawadogo	English	Study of dual vocational education and training (VET) in Burkina Faso (Translation of the final report)	Studies & Tools
2018	Etude de la formation professionnelle duale au Burkina Faso (Rapport final)		ADA / KEK Consultants	Franz Kehl, Roman Troxler, Rachel YE-Sawadogo	French	Etude de la formation professionnelle duale au Burkina Faso (Rapport final)	Studies & Tools
2018	Aprendizaje de Calidad - Una perspective práctica para América Latina y el Caribe		CINTERFOR	Michael Axmann	Spanish	Guía práctica sobre conceptos y elementos, herramientas y buenas prácticas en el ámbito del aprendizaje de calidad con ejemplos de Australia, Dinamarca, India, Turquía, Egipto, Etiopía, Indonesia, Brasil, Jamaica, la República Dominicana y Uruguay.	Studies & Tools
2019	Quality apprenticeship toolkit - A practical perspective for Latin America and the Caribbean		CINTERFOR	Michael Axmann	English	Practical guide about concepts and elements, tools and good practices of quality apprenticeships with examples from Australia, Denmark, India, Turkey, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Brasil, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay.	Studies & Tools
2018	TVET Personnel in ASEAN - Investigation in five ASEAN states		GIZ	Dieter Euler	English	This study provides a comparative analysis of the current state of TVET personnel development in five ASEAN countries (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam). Beyond, it proves existing assumptions and critical findings derived from a literature review. The study strives for identifying patterns but also exploring differences and promising areas for taking further action.	Studies & Tools
2019	New work and its impacts on vocational education and training in German development cooperation - Proposition Paper		GIZ	Marius R. Busemeyer, Lars Gaede Melanie Stilz	English	This proposition paper presents propositions about the 10 following topics: The challenges of digitalisation, digitalisation and social inclusion, digital upskilling through vocational training, digital teaching and learning methods, skills in tomorrow's working world, new training courses - opportunity or challenge?, training for vocational school staff, platform economy and digital agents, harnessing the opportunities offered by digitalisation for disadvantaged groups, governance in vocational training.	Studies & Tools
2019	KOF Factbook Education System Albania		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Albania with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	KOF Factbook Education System Bolivia		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Bolivia with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	KOF Factbook Education System Bosnien-Herzegovina		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Bosnien-Herzegovina with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	KOF Factbook Education System Macedonia		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Macedonia with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	KOF Factbook Education System Vietnam		KOF Swiss Economic Institute		English	This Factbook contains a description of the education system in Vietnam with a focus on the VET system including an analysis of reforms in the past and problems for the future.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	Are Informal Skills Learning valued? Positioning informal skillslearners in the TVET system of Nepal		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Durga Prasad Baral	English	More than eighty percent of all employees in Nepal works in the informal sector. These workers generally lack formal skills training and acquire skills while performing the work under the guidance of skilled workers. Despite the long history of TVET, the system rarely recognizes such informally learnt skills at work. The paper explores the position obtained by informal skills learners in the existing TVET system of Nepal. It concludes that informal skills learners are not getting appropriate position and the main reason for this situation is the prevalence of a phenomena called Pervasive Loitering Syndrome (PLS) across different layers of the society.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	Benin dual apprenticeship: Strategic actors and roles		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Rubain Bankole, Guy Noutain, Esaïe Gandonou	English	Benin dual apprenticeship or certificate of professional qualification (CQP program) is an innovation which has been introduced in the TVET sector in order to improve the informal apprenticeship. In informal or traditional apprenticeship, the major actors are master craftsmen and trade unions at the local level, apprentices, their parents and local community. The government did not play significant role due to its limited control on the informal sector. In the implementation of the CQP, many other actors from public and private institutions are involved. The study identified CQP actors, analyze their roles and provides some recommendations for improving the governance of this program.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	Financial Flow in TVET in Nepal - Transiting from the Old to the New Constitution		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Mahesh Nath Parajuli, Ursula Renold, Usha Bhandari, Hari Prasad Lamsal	English	Ten years (2007/08 – 2016/17) data show that public sector investment in TVET has been substantially low despite policy priority to the sector. Owing to weak institutional development in the country, provisions made in the new constitution of 2015 regarding TVET governance has not been fully adopted. This show that Nepal has yet to experience and develop a coordinated system of governance among three political levels.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	Implementation Research: Drivers and Barriers of Scaling-Up the Dual VET-Apprenticeship Programme in Nepal		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Thomas Bolli, Johanna Kemper, Mahesh Nath Parajuli, Ursula Renold, Binayak Krishna Thapa	English	Scaling up a Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme is challenging because the com-bination of classroom education and workplace training requires coordination among several actors from the education and employment system. Therefore, this project analyses the drivers and barriers of scaling-up a new Dual VET-Apprentice-ship in Nepal.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	Social Institutions in VET - Identifying and measuring the driving forces behind robust TVET programs		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Ursula Renold, Ladina Rageth, Katherine Caves, Jutta Buergi	English	Social institutions help overcome fundamental problems and perform a function in society. For comparison across contexts, analysis needs to focus on social institu-tions with equivalent functions. Robust institutions achieve their functions more effectively, but robustness is difficult to assess. This project develops a framework for assessing social institutional robustness. This framework combines institu-tions’ key properties—function, structure, culture, and sanctions—with their scope of influence and level of institutionalization.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	Country Case Study on Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Benin		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Working Papers (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Guy Noutain, Rubain Bankole, Esaïe Gandonou, Johanna M. Kemper, Karina Maldonado-Mariscal	English	This country case study provides an overview of the landscape of Benin’s formal and non-formal technical vocational education and training (TVET) programmes. In particular, it will provide a more detailed insight of four of these TVET programmes, its actors and institutions in the form of case studies. The selection of TVET programmes for the case studies was based on a theoretical framework that classifies TVET pro-grammes in six categories of formal and non-formal TVET programmes in employment and education sys-tems. Thereby, we aimed to choose at least one TVET programme per category per country to be described in a case study, in case there was a TVET programme available for the respective category.	Studies & Tools
2019	Country Case Study on Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Costa Rica		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Working Papers (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Silvia Camacho-Calvo, Jacqueline García-Fallas, Johanna M. Kemper, Karina Maldonado-Mariscal, Alicia Vargas-Porras	English	This country case study provides an overview of the landscape of Costa Rica’s formal and non-formal technical vocational education and training (TVET) programmes. In particular, it will provide a more detailed insight of four of these TVET programmes, its actors and institutions in the form of case studies. The se-lection of TVET programmes for the case studies was based on a theoretical framework that classifies TVET programmes in six categories of formal and non-formal TVET programmes in employment and edu-cation systems. Thereby, we aimed to choose at least one TVET programme per category per country to be described in a case study, in case there was a TVET programme available for the respective category.	Studies & Tools
2020	Benin TVET reforms: An exploration of social anthropological field		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Guy Nouatin, Esaïe Gandonou, Rubain Bankole, Ursula Renold	English	Despite the substantial resources traditional or informal apprenticeships has provided for work-based training in developing countries, the structure of the system has shown some weaknesses to provide equitable learning conditions. In most in West African countries, public institutions have introduced reforms to improve the traditional system through the upgrading apprenticeship schemes. This policy brief summarizes the reforms undertaken in Benin TVET system, presents the actors and their interactions and provides some recommendations.	Articles & Factsheets
2020	Meeting in the Middle - VET Programs’ Education-Employment Linkage in Developing Contexts		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Katherine Caves, Andrea Ghisletta, Ursula Renold, Johanna Kemper	English	Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programs are most suc-cessful at supporting youth labor markets when they combine education and em-ployment. We apply the KOF Education-Employment Linkage Index to the largest upper-secondary TVET programs in Benin, Chile, Costa Rica, and Nepal. We find that Benin has relatively high education-employment linkage, while the other three countries score very low. Benin’s situation is unique because its TVET pro-gram is moving from employer-led to linked, rather than employer integration into an education-based program.	Articles & Factsheets
2020	Youth Labor Market Index for Africa and Asia		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Policy Briefs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Bartlomiej Kudrzycki, Erwin Lefoll, Isabel Günther	English	In decades to come, the youth working-age population is expected to boom in lower-middle and low-income countries. This phenomenon demands a better understanding and measurement of the situation of the youth labor market holistically. The aim of this paper is to propose a new youth labor market index tailored to developing countries, which we name the Youth Labor Index for Low Income Countries (YLILI). The index combines 12 indicators into three dimensions: transition (quantity adjustments in the labor market), working conditions and education. The index suggests that the strength of the youth labor market is the highest in (low-income) Europe and Central Asia and lowest in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Working conditions and education remain important issues in all of sub-Saharan Africa, while the picture is more mixed for South Asia. Transition scores are high in developing countries, suggesting that many workers are unable to withstand extended periods of inactivity. Finally, the index highlights the urgent need to address the scarcity of data on the youth demographic.	Articles & Factsheets
2019	The Contribution of Vocational Education and Training to Innovation – The Case of Switzerland		SERI (State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation)	Uschi Backes-Gellner, Curdin Pfister	English	The study discusses in detail the systemic, operational and individual components of the VET system and their importance for innovation. At the same time, however, challenges are also pointed out. These are, for example a better systemic coordination of the profiles of higher vocational education and training, Universities of Applied Sciences and traditional Universities, the involvement of international companies in the VET system or the positioning of VET for highly qualified young people as an attractive alternative to an academic education.	Studies & Tools
2019	Country Case Study on Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Nepal		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Working Papers (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Durga Prasad Baral, Johanna M. Kemper, Karina Maldonado-Mariscal	English	The aim of this country case study is to provide an overview of Nepal’s formal and non-formal technical vocational education and training (TVET) landscape. In particular, it aims to provide detailed descriptions of some TVET programmes, its actors and institutions, which were selected based on a conceptual frame-work classifying TVET programmes into four categories. Such categories show whether the TVET pro-grammes are formal or non-formal and whether they involve workplace-based training in the formal or in-formal labour market.	Studies & Tools
2020	Projection of Net Benefits for Companies in the Dual VET-Apprenticeship Programme in Nepal		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Working Papers (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Thomas Bolli, Johanna Kemper, Mahesh Nath Parajuli, Ursula Renold, Binayak Krishna Thapa	English	A new Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme in Nepal faces the challenge that companies have no experience regarding the benefits and costs of providing apprenticeship places. This uncertainty represents a potential barrier to convincing companies to participate in the programme. Therefore, this project presents an estimate of projected benefits and costs for companies, thereby providing preliminary first empirical evidence for the net benefit of companies.	Studies & Tools
2019	Dual Vet-Apprenticeship Programme in Nepal: Formative Assessment of the First Cohort		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Working Papers (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Thomas Bolli, Johanna Kemper, Mahesh Nath Parajuli, Ursula Renold, Binayak Krishna Thapa	English	This working paper presents a formative assessment of the Dual VET-Apprenticeship in Nepal. Hence, the working paper presents an evidence-based analysis of the processes to motivate participation of schools, companies and apprentices as well as the matching process of companies and apprentices. Thereby, the analysis based on interviews with the stakeholders aims to provide early insights into what works well and what might represent roadblocks for the further development of the programme.	Studies & Tools
2020	Students’ Perspective on the Master in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Program in Nepal		LELAM-TVET4INCOME Working Papers (KOF Swiss Economic Institute)	Prakash Kumar Paudel, Laxman Acharya, Mahesh Nath Parajuli	English	The effective performance of the TVET sector has been a challenge in many countries, particularly in developing countries. Lack of a strong pool of competent human resources who could lead and manage the sector is one explanation for this problem. Hence, Kathmandu University, School of Education in collaboration with LELAM-project team began a two-year degree program Master in Technical and Vocational Education and Training in 2018 to prepare a competent pool of TVET educators, TVET researchers, and TVET leaders and managers. After the end of the first and second semesters, the 15 first batch students filled-up a questionnaire sharing their opinion on different aspects of the program like its design, expectations from the program, and the contribution of the program on their professional enhancement. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of students' perspectives on different aspects of the program. Analyses of students' opinions indicate that, overall, they found that this program is very much helpful to improve their confidence, pedagogical competence, research skills, and leadership and management capacity. They have also provided important feedback for further enhancing the quality of the program.	Studies & Tools
2019	The economics of apprenticeship training - Seven lessons learned from cost-benefit studies and simulations		J.P. Morgan, Bertelsmann Stiftung	Stefan C. Wolter, Samuel Mühlemann	English	Seven lessons from derived from detailed cost-benefit surveys of apprenticeship training programmes in various countries and subsequent cost-benefit simulations for other countries over the last 20 years: Ratio of costs and benefits influences firms‘ willingness of providing apprenticeship training; similar apprenticeship training systems do not necessarily produce similar outcomes; returns on apprenticeships after training are maybe more important than during; flexible but coherent training parameters are key for a functioning apprenticeship training system; variable apprentices’ salaries prevent distortions in the apprenticeship market; apprentices‘ benefits are a relevant factor that must also be considered for a functioning apprenticeship system; training quality and scope may reduce net costs and increase the returns on education.	Studies & Tools
2019	Los aspectos económicos de la FP Dual Siete lecciones aprendidas a partir de estudios y simulaciones de coste-beneficio		J.P. Morgan, Fundación Bertelsmann, Bertelsmann Stiftung	Stefan C. Wolter, Samuel Mühlemann	Spanish	Siete lecciones claves extraído a partir de detallados estudios de coste-beneficio de los modelos de FP Dual de distintos países y de subsiguientes simulaciones de coste-beneficio sobre otros países a lo largo de los últimos veinte años: La relación coste-beneficio influye en la disposición de las empresas a ofrecer plazas de FP Dual; los modelos de FP Dual parecidos no necesariamente brindan resultados parecidos; la rentabilidad de las plazas de FP Dual ofrecidas puede que sea mayor después de la formación que durante; la aplicación de unos parámetros de formación flexibles pero coherentes es clave para garantizar un modelo de FP Dual eficaz; la variabilidad de los salarios de aprendiz evita que se produzcan distorsiones en la oferta y la demanda de FP Dual; los beneficios para los aprendices son un factor relevante que también debe tenerse en cuenta para garantizar un modelo de FP Dual eficaz; la calidad y el alcance de la FP Dual pueden reducir los costes netos e incrementar la rentabilidad de la educación.	Studies & Tools
2011	The Development of a Strategy for Vocational Education and Training: experiences from Montenegro		Research in Comparative and International Education, Vol. 6 No. 3	Melanie Hoppe, Jeanette Burmester, Jan Ebben	English	This article addresses the problem that many countries lack a strategic orientation in reforming their vocational education and training (VET systems, and therefore refers to the added value of a distinct VET strategy within an overall education sector strategy. To start with, the authors provide an answer to the questions ‘What is strategy?’ and ‘What is strategy in education?’ They argue that the ‘resource-based view of strategy’ is a suitable understanding of strategy because it has a developmental perspective and underpins the building of capacity and systems while making the most of core competences by stretching and leveraging them. Using core competences of social partners and other stakeholders is of crucial importance in VET development. By describing the process of developing a VET strategy in Montenegro, the authors provide a case study of putting strategy theory into practice. Concluding with lessons learned, they formulate recommendations.	Studies & Tools
2018	Duale Berufsbildung in Benin: Wie messen wir ihren Erfolg?		ODEC-Bulletin 4/2018	Ursula Renold	Deutsch	Seit mehr als zehn Jahren investieren Entwicklungshilfe-Organisationen wie die Schweizer DEZA oder die deutsche GIZ in die Verbesserung der Berufsbildung in Benin. Man hofft, die Startchancen der Jungen ins Berufsleben zu verbessern. Im Zentrum steht das seit rund 10 Jahren in 13 Berufen entwickelte CQP, das Certificat de Qualification Professionnelle. Wirkungsmessung; randomisiertes Experiment; RCT; Einkommenseffekte; Job-Qualität; nachhaltige Beschäftigung.	Articles & Factsheets
2018	Goal-Setting for TVET Reform: A Framework for Identifying the Ideal System in Nepal		Journal of Education and Research, Vol. 8, No. 1	Katherine Marie Caves, Ursula Renold	English	Technical and vocational education and training; TVET reform; Good governance; Education-employment linkage; Nepal; new constitution; input-oriented governance model.	Studies & Tools
2017	¿Son efectivos los programas de aprendices?: Lecciones para América Latina y el Caribe		IDB Inter-American Development Bank	Rafael Novella, Yocelyn Samatha Perez-Davila	Spanish	El objetivo de este documento es brindar información que contribuya a la decisión de implementación de programas de aprendices en la región. Para esto, presentamos evidencia de la efectividad de los programas de aprendices a nivel global. En particular, presentamos una revisión de las evaluaciones de los efectos de estos programas sobre resultados laborales, tomando en cuenta las diferentes metodologías aplicadas y su nivel de rigurosidad. En general, los resultados apuntan a que los programas de aprendices - ya sea que estén integrados a los sistemas educativos de los países o no – tienen efectos positivos para los individuos y las firmas. Sin embargo, la evidencia de evaluaciones rigurosas es escasa, particularmente en los países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Si bien implementar sistemas de aprendices en la región es potencialmente beneficioso, en especial si se integran los aprendizajes de los países con larga tradición en estas políticas, existe la necesidad de generar mayor evidencia sobre su efectividad.	Studies & Tools
2017	Are Apprenticeships Programs Effective?: Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean		IDB Inter-American Development Bank	Rafael Novella, Yocelyn Samatha Perez-Davila	English	The purpose of this paper is to provide information that contributes to the decision to implement apprenticeships in the region. To this end, we present global evidence of the effectiveness of apprenticeships. In particular, we present a review of the impact evaluations of these programs on labor outcomes, taking into account the different applied methodologies and their according level of rigor. Overall, the results suggest that apprenticeships –whether integrated into the country's education systems or not- show positive effects on individuals and firms. However, the evidence of rigorous evaluations is scarce, particularly in Latin American and the Caribbean countries. While the implementation of apprenticeships in the region is potentially beneficial, especially if the lessons learned from other countries with a long tradition of implementing these programs are integrated, there is a need to generate more evidence regarding their effectiveness.	Studies & Tools
2020	Toolkit - Learning and Working in the informal economy		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Sector Project TVET	English	This toolkit provides a structured overview on current research, actors as well as practial examples on learning and working in the informal economy. The toolkit consists of project descriptions, lessons learnt and further reading recommendations. With project examples from Laos, Ethiopia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Palestine, UK, Ghana, Uganda, Cambodia.	Studies & Tools
2020	Toolkit - Lernen und Arbeiten in der informellen Wirtschaft		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Sektorvorhaben Berufliche Bildung	Deutsch	Das Toolkit bietet einen strukturierten Überblick zum Stand der Forschung, zu den Akteuren und zur aktuellen entwicklungspolitischen Praxis auf diesem Gebiet. Es enthält Einführungstexte und Projektbeschreibungen mit lessons learnt sowie zahlreiche Hinweise zu weiterführender Literatur. Mit Projektbeispielen aus Laos, Äthiopien, Kosovo, Bosinien und Herzegowina, Palästina, UK, Ghana, Uganda, Kambodscha.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2020	Economics and Governance of Vocational and Professional Education and Training (including Apprenticeship) – Theoretical and Empirical Results for Researchers and Educational Policy Leaders		hep verlag	Uschi Backes-Gellner, Ursula Renold, Stefan C. Wolter	English	The research presented in the book covers the role and functions of the three most important actors in VPET: firms, individuals, and the state/institutional frameworks. Given that the decisions and interactions of these three players are critical for a successful VPET system, this book addresses both decision makers at all VPET levels and researchers interested in the economics and the management of VPET systems.	Book
2020	The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the provision of apprenticeships in Switzerland		Swiss Leading House on the Economics of Education, Firm Behaviour and Training Policies	Samuel Luethi, Stefan C. Wolter	Englisch	According to the first long-term forecast for the apprenticeship market by the Leading House for the Economics of Education, the COVID-19 crisis is expected to have significant consequences. Depending on the scenario, the apprenticeship market will lose cumulatively between 20-35% of the new apprenticeships allocated in a given year over the period 2020-2025. Depending on the economic scenario, the effects may be felt up to the year 2025. Only if it were possible to stabilise unemployment next year can we expect to see compensation for the downturn after 2023. In view of the historically deep recession, and despite the gloomy outlook, it can be expected that the apprenticeship system will prove to be quite robust overall.	Short Report
2020	Der Einfluss der COVID-19 Krise auf den Schweizer Lehrstellenmarkt		Swiss Leading House on the Economics of Education, Firm Behaviour and Training Policies	Samuel Luethi, Stefan C. Wolter	Deutsch	Gemäss der ersten Langzeitprognose des Leading House for the Economics of Education für den Lehrstellenmarkt wird erwartet, dass die COVID-19-Krise erhebliche Folgen haben wird. Je nach Szenario wird der Lehrstellenmarkt im Zeitraum 2020-2025 kumulativ zwischen 20-35% der in einem bestimmten Jahr neu geschaffenen Lehrstellen verlieren. Je nach Wirtschaftsszenario könnten die Auswirkungen bis zum Jahr 2025 spürbar sein. Nur wenn es gelingt, die Arbeitslosigkeit im nächsten Jahr zu stabilisieren, ist mit einer Kompensation für den Abschwung nach 2023 zu rechnen. Angesichts der historisch tiefen Rezession und trotz der düsteren Aussichten ist zu erwarten, dass sich das Lehrstellensystem insgesamt als recht robust erweisen wird.	Kurzbericht
2020	Projektion von Kosten und Nutzen für Firmen mit einer dualen Berufslehre in Nepal		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Thomas Bolli, Johanna Mirka Bolli-Kemper, Mahesh N. Parajuli, Ursula Renold, Binayak Krishna Thapa	Deutsch	Im Herbst 2018 wurde in Nepal im Rahmen eines Pilotprojektes eine duale Berufslehre eingeführt. Die Lehrlinge dieses Pilotprojektes verbringen 1 Tag pro Woche in der Schule und 5 Tage pro Woche in einer Firma. Die Einführung der dualen Berufslehre bringt die Herausforderung mit sich, dass die teilnehmenden Firmen keine Erfahrung bezüglich der anfallenden Kosten und Nutzen haben, was sie daran hindern könnte, Ausbildungsplätze anzubieten. Um die Unsicherheit der Firmen zu reduzieren, analysiert dieser Beitrag die Kosten und Nutzen der dualen Berufslehre auf Grundlage einer Telefonbefragung am Pilotprojekt teilnehmender Firmen. Die Resultate dieser Simulationsstudie zeigen, dass Firmen einen kleinen Nettonutzen haben, da der von Lehrlingen produzierte Wert leicht höher ist als die für Firmen entstehenden Kosten. Der Lehrlingslohn ist die wichtigste Kostenkomponente, gefolgt von den Kosten für Ausbildende, während die Kosten für Zusatzleistungen für Lehrlinge vergleichsweise tief sind. Der Nettonutzen ist höher für Elektrikerlehrlinge als für Maschinenbaulehrlinge.	Kurzbericht
2020	Return on investment or an investment without return? A cost-benefit ratio analysis of in-company training in Mongolia		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Basil Schläpfer, Roman Troxler	English	A cost-benefit ratio analysis of in-company training in Mongolia; Build4Skills; costs and benefits	Studies & Tools
2017	Striking the right balance: Costs and benefits of apprenticeship		OECD	Małgorzata Kuczera	English	For students, apprenticeships are an attractive form of learning as they simultaneously enhance skills and prepare them for jobs and careers. Typically, public authorities organise and fund off-the-job education and training, while employers take responsibility for the supervision and training of apprentices during their work placements. The involvement of both public authorities and employers in the design and provision of apprenticeships is a key strength, however, the successful involvement of various stakeholders in apprenticeships can be a challenge as it requires the reconciliation of different interests and the careful distribution of costs and benefits from apprenticeships. Well-designed apprenticeship systems are attractive to students, create value for employers, and support economic growth. This paper contributes to the existing stock of evidence on the costs and benefits of apprenticeships by: Presenting a novel analysis of international data on apprenticeships from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and establishing and discussing in detail links between various elements of apprenticeship design (such as apprentice wage, duration of work placements, apprentice status) and the distribution of the costs and benefits of apprenticeships.	Studies & Tools
2018	Seven Questions about Apprenticeships - Answers from International Experience		OECD	OECD	English	This paper poses seven questions commonly asked by governments seeking to either introduce or reform apprenticeship systems for young people and/or older workers: 1) can apprenticeships provide a useful contribution in every country? 2) Should employers receive financial incentives for providing apprenticeships? 3) What is the right wage for apprentices? 4) How long should an apprenticeship last? 5) How can a good learning experience at work be ensured? 6) How apprenticeships can be made to work for youth at risk? and 7) How to attract potential apprentices?	Studies & Tools
2020	VET in a time of crisis: Building foundations for resilient vocational education and training systems		OECD	OECD	English	This policy brief examines the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on vocational education and training (VET) systems and how VET systems are responding in OECD countries. The brief also presents steps that governments can take in the context of this crisis to build foundations for tomorrow’s strong and resilient VET systems.	Short Report
2020	Compendium of Tools for Labour Market Assessment		VET Toolbox	GIZ, Prospera Consulting	English	This Compendium is intended to serve as a “compass” on labour market assessments and analysis, in order to facilitate the commissioning of such assessments in the future. To respond to different challenges, this Guide seeks to support staff in the VET Toolbox partner organisations, other development agencies and relevant stakeholders in partner countries in the process of commissioning and conducting labour market assessments.	Studies & Tools
2020	Recueil des outils d’évaluation du marché de l’emploi		VET Toolbox	GIZ, Prospera Consulting	French	Ce recueil a vocation à servir de « boussole » dans le cadre des analyses et des évaluations du marché de l’emploi, afin de faciliter leur réalisation à l’avenir. Pour répondre à ces problématiques, ce Guide est destiné à accompagner le personnel des organisations partenaires de la VET Toolbox, d’autres agences de développement et les parties prenantes concernées dans les pays partenaires dans le cadre du processus de commande et de réalisation d’évaluations du marché de l’emploi.	Studies & Tools
2020	Permeability of dual VET - Comparative study including Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France and Slovenia		Interreg Alpine Space - DuALPlus	Alexander Petanovitsch, Kurt Schmid (on behalf of Technical University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim)	English	Horizontal permeability; vertical permeability; international permeability; RPL (recognition of prior learning); Austria; Germany; Switzerland; Italy; France; Slovenia; dual VET	Studies & Tools
2020	Trends mapping - Future of TVET teaching		UNESCO	Gita Subrahmanyam	English	The following report presents the results of the trends mapping study on the future of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) teaching, conducted by UNESCO-UNEVOC. The study aimed to engage the international TVET community to: (i) improve the understanding of the implications of global disruptions; (ii) gather knowledge, insights, experiences; and (iii) highlight promising practices in preparing TVET teaching staff to deliver the skills needed in the 21st century and beyond.	Studies & Tools
2017	ILO Toolkit for quality apprenticeships - Volume 1: Guide for policy makers		ILO	ILO	English	The ILO Toolkit for Quality Apprenticeships is a resource to improve the design and implementation of apprenticeships systems and programmes. It provides a comprehensive but concis set of key information, guidance and practical tools for policy-makers and practioners who are engaged in designing and implementing Quality Apprenticeships.	Studies & Tools
2020	ILO Toolkit for Quality Apprenticeships Volume 2: Guide for Practitioners		ILO	ILO	English	Developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating apprenticeship programmes; quality apprenticeships; Toolkit; practitioners; quality apprenticeship training life cycle; developing, preparing, organizing quality apprenticeship programmes; post-training transitions and evaluation; innovations and strategies in apprenticeships; Norway; Germany; Zanzibar; Switzerland; Australia; South Africa; Jordan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Canada; England; India; South Korea; Austria; Viet Nam; USA; Tanzania; Brazil; Egypt; Ghana; Kosovo; Mexico; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Thailand; Netherlands; Asia; France; Bhutan; Denmark	Studies & Tools
2019	Measuring the costs and benefits of apprenticeship training		ILO	ILO	English	This policy brief provides an overview of the current debate and research efforts to measure cost and benefits of apprenticeship training. It introduces the methods and challenges associated with collecting data and attaching a monetary value to apprenticeships, for enterprises, learners and society. Despite the limited number of studies that exist, the policy brief shows that apprenticeships, if of a certain quality and regulated, are not only profitable for enterprises, but significantly increase employability and employment perspectives for apprentices, and in doing so, reduce the overall risks of unemployment and therefore potential social costs. In addition, it discusses how the findings of cost-benefit analysis can be used as an effective marketing tool by governments, trade unions and employers associations to boost the overall attractiveness of apprenticeships.	Policy Brief
2020	The Digitization of TVET and Skills Systems		ILO, UNESCO	ILO, UNESCO	English	This report provides a global, high-level snapshot of the digitalization of TVET and skills systems in a set of countries and international organizations. Insights into TVET and skills systems in Brazil, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, New Zealand, Slovenia, Turkey and the United States.Views of the labour market and representatives from global organizations such as the Commonwealth of Learning (COL), ILO, UNESCO, UNHCR. Development a conceptual framework for digital transformation in TVET, using elements of the 2015 UNESCO recommendation concerning TVET and interfacing these with the three core concepts of digital innovation, adaptation and acceleration.	Studies & Tools
2020	The effect of business cycle expectations on the German apprenticeship market: estimating the impact of Covid‑19		Empirical Reasearch in VET (Springer Open Journal), Vol. 20, Iss. 8	Samuel Muehlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Bernhard H. Wittek	English	A firm’s expectation about the future business cycle is an important determinant of the decision to train apprentices, especially as German firms typically offer apprenticeships to either fill future skilled worker positions, or as a substitute for other types of labor. The current coronavirus crisis will have a strong and negative impact on the German economy, according to the current business cycle expectations of German firms. To the extent that the training decisions of firms depend on these perceptions, we expect a downward shift in firm demand for apprentices and consequently also a decrease in the equilibrium number of apprenticeship contracts. To assess the impact of changes in business cycle expectations, we analyze German data on the apprenticeship market at the state-level and at the occupation-level within states from 2007 to 2019. We identify the association between changes in business cycle expectations and subsequent changes in the demand for apprentices, the number of new apprenticeship contracts, unfilled vacancies and unsuccessful applicants. We find that the German apprenticeship market prior to the current crisis can be characterized by excess demand for apprentices. Taking into account the most recent data on business cycle expectations up to June 2020, we estimate that the coronavirus-related decrease in firms’ expectations about the business cycle can be associated with a predicted 8% decrease in firm demand for apprentices and a 6% decrease in the number of new apprenticeship positions in Germany compared to 2019.	Studies & Tools
2020	Build4Skills Toolkit Delivering Return on Investment through work-based training		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Friedemann Gille, Helen Osborne	English	This Toolkit has the objective of summarising the Build4Skills implementation experience from Pakistan and Mongolia in a comprehensive and practical document that facilitates the collaborative development and scaling of this innovative approach. It is presented as a living document, which can evolve in line with the ongoing implementation experience of key partners over time. This initial version is based on learnings by GIZ. It summarises the implementation practice, offers guidance on how Build4Skills can be applied in additional construction projects in the future and provides an outlook on how this Toolkit and the project’s approach can be further developed. The Toolkit presents a Delivery Framework to design and deliver a Build4Skills project.	Studies & Tools
2018	Assessing the impact on employability and quilty of employment of non-formal apprenticeships in agriculture-related trades in Egypt		IFAD, ILO	Zeinab Khadr	English	This report presents the findings of the impact assessment of the “Combating Worst Forms of Child Labour by Reinforcing Policy Response and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Educational Opportunities in Egypt Programme”, with particular concentration of the programme’s apprenticeship component. The report explores net effects of the upgraded apprenticeship project on the beneficiaries’ ability to secure decent work, improve working conditions and increase retention rates. In evaluating the apprenticeship project, a quasi-experimental design relying on propensity score matching (PSM) is employed. The quantitative analysis is further supported by a qualitative study drawn from focus group discussions with beneficiaries’ parents and interviews with officers in participating companies.	Studies & Tools
2019	Disability-inclusive Employment Promotion: Lessons learned from five GIZ projects		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	Victor Chudal-Linden, Rudolf Czikl, Bettina Schmidt	English	Collection and evaluation of GIZ's best practices in promoting employment for people with disabilities is the belief that there should be better practices in future. The publication contains different approaches that describe how to support job creation for entrepreneurs or employees who live with disabilities. The interventions are often initiated by the readiness to find and pick the right opportunities, such as an engaged entrepreneur or an open-minded TVET school. Opportunities are good, a strategy, which enables to work for an inclusive environment that creates many more opportunities, is better. The following case studies from Bangladesh, Rwanda, Togo, Indonesia, and Namibia build and set cornerstones for a disability-inclusive employment strategy and guidelines for GIZ supported programmes of German Development Cooperation. Target groups: partner organisations from public and private sector as well as representatives from the civil society. Discussions topics: If and How to introduce quotas, the introduction of financing mechanisms and incentives or the use of ICT solutions for wider accessibility.	Studies & Tools
2019	Theoretical approach on PPP for universities and training institutes in TVET		Regional Cooperation Platform for Vocational Teacher Education and Training in Asia, GIZ-RECOTVET, German Coorporation		English	This conceptual framework has been developed to serve as a guide for the Regional Public- Private Partnerships Model development, especially given that it was created based on the national existing practices of PPPs. Also, the framework provides a vision on how to engage the industry, TVET institutions and the government based on the concept of public-private partnerships. ASEAN; Malaysia; Indonesia; Vietnam; Thailand; Lao PDR; Cambodia; Philippines.	Studies & Tools
2019	Partnerships for Skilling ASEAN’s Workforce Business and industry collaboration in technical and vocational education and training in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam		Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH	René Lenssen, Barbara Trzmiel	English	Business and industry collaboration in technical and vocational education and training in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam; How can collaboration go beyond the signing of memorandums of understanding (MOUs) to become long-term partnerships that lead to improved employability of learners? What are the policy measures that can facilitate business and industry engagement in shaping polices and improving the overall relevance of training? What good practices can be shared among ASEAN Member States (AMS) and beyond?; RECOTVET	Studies & Tools
2019	Actors and partnerships in vocational education and training		UNESCO - IIPE-Pôle de Dakar		English	Partnerships; analysis of the economic environment and labour market demand; analysis and planning of the VET system; certification and training design; management of skills acquisition and certification; evaluation of the effectiveness of the VET system; VET financing; quality assurance; public actors; private social and economic partners; private training institutes; civil society: NGOs/CSOs; parents’ associations; learners; development partners	Studies & Tools
2019	Acteurs et partenariats dans le secteur de la formation professionnelle		UNESCO - IIPE-Pôle de Dakar		French	Partenariats; analyse du marché de l’emploi et veille sur l’environnement économique; analyse et planification de l’offre de formation; ingénierie de certification et de formation; gestion de l’acquisition et de la certification des compétences; évaluation de l’efficacité du dispositif de FP; financement; démarche qualité dans la FP; acteurs publics; partenaires sociaux et économiques privés; établissements privés de formation; société civile : ONG/OSC; association des parents; apprenants; partenaires techniques et financiers	Studies & Tools
2018	Making public-private partnerships in vocational training a powerful lever for economic emergence in Africa		UNESCO - IIPE-Pôle de Dakar		English	Making public-private partnerships in vocational training a powerful lever for economic emergence in Africa Summary note from the regional sharing and mutual reinforcement workshop on public-private partnerships in vocational training in Africa – Dakar, March 2018	Short Report
2018	Faire des partenariats publics-privés dans la formation professionnelle un levier fort de l’émergence économique en Afrique		UNESCO - IIPE-Pôle de Dakar		French	Faire des partenariats publics-privés (PPP) dans la formation professionnelle un levier fort de l’émergence économique en Afrique; Synthèse des travaux de l’atelier régional de partage et de renforcement mutuel sur les partenariats publics-privés dans la formation professionnelle en Afrique – Dakar, 19-21 mars 2018	Studies & Tools
2020	Developments in vocational education policy in Serbia		ETF		English	This report presents vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in the Republic of Serbia (hereinafter Serbia) between 2015 and 2019. It covers all five Europe-wide priority areas or medium-term deliverables (MTDs) agreed at Riga in June 2015. The report has been drafted within the terms of the mandate given to the European Training Foundation (ETF) by the Riga Conclusions to monitor and analyse progress made by the EU candidate countries towards the MTDs. This document is based on the annual monitoring reports submitted by Serbia to the ETF.	Report
2020	Policies for human capital development MONTENEGRO - An ETF Torino process assessment		ETF		English	Montenegro; VET system; VET governance; human capital development; skills mismatch; inclusion; quality; efficiency; access and participation; contrasted labour market context	Report
2020	Auswirkungen der „Corona-Krise“ auf die duale Berufsausbildung - Risiken, Konsequenzen und Handlungsnotwendigkeiten		BiBB	Tobias Maier	Deutsch	Auswirkungen der „Corona-Krise“ auf die duale Berufsausbildung - Risiken, Konsequenzen und Handlungsnotwendigkeiten; Wirtschaftseinbrüche und der Ausbildungsmarkt; Prognosen des Ausbildungsstellenmarktes zum 30.09.2020; Betroffene Branchen und Berufe durch die Corona-Krise; Handlungsnotwendigkeiten; COVID-19	Studie
2020	Ausbildung in Deutschland – eine Investition gegen den Fachkräftemangel Ergebnisse der BIBB-Kosten-Nutzen-Erhebung 2017/18		BiBB	Gudrun Schönfeld, Felix Wenzelmann, Harald Pfeifer, Paula Risius, Caroline Wehner	Deutsch	Der Fachkräftemangel belastet seit einigen Jahren weite Teile der Wirtschaft. Eine Möglichkeit, diesen zu decken, ist die eigene betriebliche Ausbildung. Doch welche Kosten - und welcher Nutzen - sind mit einer betrieblichen Ausbildung verbunden? Rechnet sich die eigene Ausbildung, oder ist der Zugriff auf Fachkräfte auf dem Arbeitsmarkt eine weniger kostspielige Möglichkeit der Fachkräftedeckung? Um diese Fragen beantworten zu können, sind Informationen zu den Kosten und dem Nutzen der eigenen Ausbildung und der externen Fachkräftegewinnung von zentraler Bedeutung; 2/3 der Bruttokosten werden durch Erträge gedeckt; je 50% der Erträge werden durch einfache bzw. schwierige Tätigkeiten erbracht; Ausbildung in Grossbetrieben und im öffentlichen Dienst sind mit hohen Investitionen verbunden; geringe Unterschiede bei Bruttokosten nach Ausbildungsjahren, aber starker Anstieg der Erträge; leichter Anstieg der Nettokosten zwischen den Ausbildungsjahren 2012/2013 und 2017/2018; durchschn. Personalgewinnungskosten entsprechen knapp 2/3 der gesamten Nettoausbildungskosten; regionale Fachkräftesituation schwieriger vor allem für SME.	Kurzbericht
2020	Training in Germany - an investment to counter the skilled worker shortage		BiBB	Gudrun Schönfeld, Felix Wenzelmann, Harald Pfeifer, Paula Risius, Caroline Wehner	English	Since a number of years, the German economy suffers from a lack of skilled workers in the labour market. Two of the most important options to cover the skill demand of firms are apprenticeship training and the recruitment of already trained workers from the external labour market. The costs of each of these options are important determinants for the choices made by firms. The Federal Institute of Vocational Education and Training examines the costs involved in each of the options based on a firm-level survey of 3,049 training firms and 996 non-training firms. This report informs about the apprenticeship training costs of the year 2017/2018 and the development of these costs over the past ten years. It further approximates the long-term benefits of apprenticeship training by calculating the firms’ recruitment costs and by describing the retention behaviour. Overall, the analysis confirms that firms have strong financial incentives to cover their skill demand through the provision of training and the retention of the former apprentices.	Kurzbericht
2019	Gender und Berufswahl		skilled - Das Magazin des Eidgenössischen Hochschulinstituts für Berufsbildung (EHB), No. 2/2019	EHB	Deutsch	Frauen und Männer lernen andere Berufe; gender; Berufswahl; typisch; Traumberuf; berufliche Sozialisation; Gleichstellung; gendergerechte Berufbildung	Zeitschrift
2019	Genre et choix du métier		skilled - La revue de lʼInstitut fédéral des hautes études en formation professionnelle, No. 2/2019	IFFP	French	Genre et choix du métier; Femmes et hommes n’apprennent pas les mêmes métiers; typiquement; métier de rêve; socialisation professionnelle; Égalité des chances; formation professionnelle non genrée	Zeitschrift
2018	Work-Based Learning and Cooperation between Schools and Companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina		ibw	Kurt Schmid, Benjamin Gruber	English	Work-Based Learning and Cooperation between Schools and Companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Company Survey Findings and Resulting Courses of Action/Reform Options; initial vocational education	Report
2020	Bericht zur Situation der Jugendbeschäftigung und Lehrlingsausbildung in Österreich 2018-2019		öibf, ibw	Helmut Dornmayer, Roland Löffler	Deutsch	Der Schwerpunkt des hier vorliegenden Berichts zur Situation der Jugendbeschäftigung und Lehrlingsausbildung in Österreich liegt aber auf den Jahren 2018 und 2019 und vermittelt einen Gesamtüberblick über die Rahmenbedingungen, Strukturdaten und politischen Maßnahmen am Arbeitsmarkt für Jugendliche und in der (dualen) Berufsausbildung und zeigt, dass sich grundsätzlich folgende zentralen Entwicklungen in den Jahren 2018 und 2019 in Österreich beobachten lassen, die sowohl im Bereich der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit als auch in der Teilnahme an der dualen Berufsausbildung 2018 und 2019 eine überwiegend positive Tendenz aufweisen.	Bericht
2016	Apprenticeships for the XXI Century - A Model for Latin America and the Caribbean?		IDB Inter-American Development Bank	María Victoria Fazio, Raquel Fernández-Coto, Laura Ripani	English	Apprenticeships; Labor Markets; Skills Development; Employability; Labor Market Institutions; Labor Market Policies; Regulations; Workers; Employment Creation; Employment Data; What are apprenticeships?; Are they already present in LAC?; Why are they appealing to LAC countries?; What are the main challenges for developing apprenticeship programs in LAC?; What are the key characteristics of apprenticeship programs?; What are the core elements and guiding principles of apprenticeship programs?; Bridging theory and practice: how to design an apprenticeship program?	Studies & Tools
2016	Aprendices para el siglo XXI ¿Un modelo para América Latina y el Caribe?		BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo	María Victoria Fazio, Raquel Fernández-Coto, Laura Ripani	Spanish	Aprendices; Mercados Laborales; Desarrollo de habilidades; Empleabilidad; Instituciones laborales; Políticas de mercados laborales; Regulaciones; Trabajadores; Creación de empleo; Datos de empleo; ¿Qué son los programas de aprendices?; ¿Ya existen en América Latina y el Caribe?; ¿Por qué son atractivos para los países de ALC?; ¿Cuáles son los principales desafíos para desarrollar programas de aprendices en ALC?; ¿Cuáles son las características clave de los programas de aprendices?; ¿Cuáles son los elementos esenciales, principios guía y mejores prácticas de los programas de aprendices?; De la teoría a la práctica: ¿Cómo diseñar un programa de aprendices?	Studies & Tools
2018	A Review of Methodologies for measuring the costs and benefits of in-company apprenticeship training		JP Morgan, ILO	Ursel Hauschildt	English	Understanding the costs and benefits of apprenticeship training, as well as its outcomes, is an important factor for enterprises to make decisions relating to the skills development of current and future employees. Existing studies on this topic paint a mixed picture, some reveal net benefits to employers and others net costs. Apart from observed variances in apprenticeship systems and practices across countries, a proper international comparison of cost-benefit analysis is hampered by differences in research methods. This report reviews research methods and findings of major existing studies with the aim of helping advance discussions on research methods, and suggests areas where knowledge gaps exist. It also proposes innovations in future research, and provides methodological options for the research into benefits from apprenticeships in South Africa under the Skills that Work Project.	Studies & Tools
2019	Beitrag der Berufsbildung zu Innovation - Studie im Rahmen des Berichtes «Forschung und Innovation in der Schweiz 2020»		SBFI (Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation)	Uschi Backes-Gellner, Curdin Pfister	Deutsch	Die Studie erörtert ausführlich die systemischen, betrieblichen und individuellen Komponenten des dualen Berufsbildungssystems und deren Bedeutung für Innovationen. Zugleich wird aber auch auf Herausforderungen hingewiesen. Diese sind z.B. eine bessere systemische Abstimmung der Profile von höherer Berufsbildung, Fachhochschulen und traditionellen Universitäten, die Einbindung internationaler Unternehmen in das Berufsbildungssystem oder die Positionierung der Berufsbildung für hochqualifizierte Jugendliche als attraktive Alternative zu einer akademischen Ausbildung.	Studien & Arbeitshilfen
2014	Do firms benefit from apprenticeship investments? Why spending on occupational skills can yield economic returns to employers		IZA World of Labor, Vol. 55	Robert I. Lerman	English	Economists once believed firms do not pay to develop occupational skills that workers could use in other, often competing, firms. Researchers now recognize that most firms benefit from investing in apprenticeship training. Evidence indicates that financial returns to firms vary. Some recoup their investment within the apprenticeship period, while others see their investment pay off only after accounting for reduced turnover, recruitment, and initial training costs. Generally, the first year of apprenticeships involves significant costs, but subsequently, the apprentice’s contributions exceed his/her wages and supervisory costs. Most participating firms view apprenticeships as offering certainty that all workers have the same high level of expertise and ensuring a supply of well-trained workers during sudden increases in demand and to fill leadership positions.	Studies & Tools
2017	Poaching and Firm-Sponsored Training		Swiss Leading House on the Economics of Education, Firm Behaviour and Training Policies	Jens Mohrenweiser, Thomas Zwick, Uschi Backes-Gellner	English	A series of seminal theoretical papers argues that poaching of employees may hamper company-sponsored general training like apprenticeship training in Germany. Empirically however, the existence and extent of poaching still remains an open question. We provide a novel empirical strategy to identify poaching and investigate its causes and consequences. We find that only a few apprenticeship training firms in Germany are poaching victims or raiders. Poaching victim firms are more likely to be in a temporary downturn and raiding firms are more likely to increase their workforce. Poaching victims hardly change their training strategy after poaching. Thus, poaching is a transitory event and not a general threat to apprenticeship training. This is an important result for countries that intend to introduce apprenticeship type of training and need to convince firms to participate in their endeavour. Published Version (For pay): https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bjir.12305	Studies & Tools
2017	Contextualising the Dual Vocational Education and Training System: A Review of Approaches and Challenges		Cambodia Development Review – December 2017, Vol. 21, Iss. 4	CHHEM Rethy, MD, PhD (edu), PhD (his), HENG Sambath, KHIENG Sothy, PhD, LENG Phirom, PhD, PON Dorina, SONG Sopheak, PhD, TEK Muy Tieng, VEN Seyhah, PhD	English	Contextualising the Dual Vocational Education and Training System: A Review of Approaches and Challenges (from page 8)	Studies & Tools
2018	Getting there from here: A literature review of VET reform implementation		KOF Swiss Economic Institute	Katherine Caves, Severin Baumann	English	Despite huge incidence of vocational education and training (VET) reforms, we know more about good VET systems than how to implement them. In this review, we develop a determinant framework for VET implementation that combines theories and frameworks related to policy and general education reform, plus VET theory and the few existing VET implementation frameworks. We review 1,835 sources on VET reform implementation and code 177 for 1,538 framework-item mentions. Key success factors are employer, intermediary, and educator involvement; human, financial, and research resources; cooperation and coordination; clear strategy with political will and context fit; and accountability. There is a bias towards Europe, though it does not drive results. The sample equally represents developed and developing countries. Future research should test our framework, examine item interactions, and develop theory. VET reform implementation is distinct from general education reform implementation, and its evidence base is bigger than expected but less systematic than it should be. Published Version (For pay): https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13636820.2019.1698643?journalCode=rjve20	Studies & Tools
2010	Les coûts de formation et d’insertion professionnelles - Les conclusions d’une enquête terrain au Burkina Faso		AFD (Agence Française de Développement)	Richard Walther, Boubakar Savadogo	French	Les coûts de formation et d’insertion professionnelles - Les conclusions d’une enquête terrain au Burkina Faso; l’Enseignement et de la formation techniques et professionnels (EFTP); pluralité des coûts fonctionnels; investissements matériels et immatériels; coûts de la non insertion; coût de la non pertinence de la formation; coûts de formation et d'insertion professionnelle; formation de type dual; l'apprentissage de type dual.	Studies & Tools